4D Flow ImagingWhat is the 4th dimension in 4D Flow imaging?
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The 4th dimension is time. So 4D Flow Imaging is time-resolved, phase-contrast imaging over a (3D) vascular volume.
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References
Azarine A, Garçon P, Stansal A, et al. Four-dimensional flow MRI: principles and cardiovascular applications. RadioGraphics 2019; 39:632-648. [DOI LINK]
Itatani K, Sekine T, Yamagishi M, et al. Hemodynamic parameters for cardiovascular system in 4D flow MRI: mathematical definition and clinical applications. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:380-399. [DOI LINK]
Markl M, Chan FP, Alley MT, et al. Time-resolved three dimensional phase-contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 17:499-506. [DOI LINK]
Terada M, Takehara Y, Isoda H, et al. Technical background for 4D flow MR imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21: 267-277. [DOI LINK]
Azarine A, Garçon P, Stansal A, et al. Four-dimensional flow MRI: principles and cardiovascular applications. RadioGraphics 2019; 39:632-648. [DOI LINK]
Itatani K, Sekine T, Yamagishi M, et al. Hemodynamic parameters for cardiovascular system in 4D flow MRI: mathematical definition and clinical applications. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:380-399. [DOI LINK]
Markl M, Chan FP, Alley MT, et al. Time-resolved three dimensional phase-contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 17:499-506. [DOI LINK]
Terada M, Takehara Y, Isoda H, et al. Technical background for 4D flow MR imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21: 267-277. [DOI LINK]
Related Questions
How can phase contrast techniques be used to measure flow?
How accurate are MR methods to measure flow? What are the artifacts and pitfalls?
How can phase contrast techniques be used to measure flow?
How accurate are MR methods to measure flow? What are the artifacts and pitfalls?